Search Results (76324 CVEs found)

CVE Vendors Products Updated CVSS v3.1
CVE-2023-53640 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-02-03 7.8 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ASoC: lpass: Fix for KASAN use_after_free out of bounds When we run syzkaller we get below Out of Bounds error. "KASAN: slab-out-of-bounds Read in regcache_flat_read" Below is the backtrace of the issue: BUG: KASAN: slab-out-of-bounds in regcache_flat_read+0x10c/0x110 Read of size 4 at addr ffffff8088fbf714 by task syz-executor.4/14144 CPU: 6 PID: 14144 Comm: syz-executor.4 Tainted: G W Hardware name: Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. sc7280 CRD platform (rev5+) (DT) Call trace: dump_backtrace+0x0/0x4ec show_stack+0x34/0x50 dump_stack_lvl+0xdc/0x11c print_address_description+0x30/0x2d8 kasan_report+0x178/0x1e4 __asan_report_load4_noabort+0x44/0x50 regcache_flat_read+0x10c/0x110 regcache_read+0xf8/0x5a0 _regmap_read+0x45c/0x86c _regmap_update_bits+0x128/0x290 regmap_update_bits_base+0xc0/0x15c snd_soc_component_update_bits+0xa8/0x22c snd_soc_component_write_field+0x68/0xd4 tx_macro_put_dec_enum+0x1d0/0x268 snd_ctl_elem_write+0x288/0x474 By Error checking and checking valid values issue gets rectifies.
CVE-2023-53645 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-02-03 7.8 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: bpf: Make bpf_refcount_acquire fallible for non-owning refs This patch fixes an incorrect assumption made in the original bpf_refcount series [0], specifically that the BPF program calling bpf_refcount_acquire on some node can always guarantee that the node is alive. In that series, the patch adding failure behavior to rbtree_add and list_push_{front, back} breaks this assumption for non-owning references. Consider the following program: n = bpf_kptr_xchg(&mapval, NULL); /* skip error checking */ bpf_spin_lock(&l); if(bpf_rbtree_add(&t, &n->rb, less)) { bpf_refcount_acquire(n); /* Failed to add, do something else with the node */ } bpf_spin_unlock(&l); It's incorrect to assume that bpf_refcount_acquire will always succeed in this scenario. bpf_refcount_acquire is being called in a critical section here, but the lock being held is associated with rbtree t, which isn't necessarily the lock associated with the tree that the node is already in. So after bpf_rbtree_add fails to add the node and calls bpf_obj_drop in it, the program has no ownership of the node's lifetime. Therefore the node's refcount can be decr'd to 0 at any time after the failing rbtree_add. If this happens before the refcount_acquire above, the node might be free'd, and regardless refcount_acquire will be incrementing a 0 refcount. Later patches in the series exercise this scenario, resulting in the expected complaint from the kernel (without this patch's changes): refcount_t: addition on 0; use-after-free. WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 207 at lib/refcount.c:25 refcount_warn_saturate+0xbc/0x110 Modules linked in: bpf_testmod(O) CPU: 1 PID: 207 Comm: test_progs Tainted: G O 6.3.0-rc7-02231-g723de1a718a2-dirty #371 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.15.0-0-g2dd4b9b3f840-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014 RIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0xbc/0x110 Code: 6f 64 f6 02 01 e8 84 a3 5c ff 0f 0b eb 9d 80 3d 5e 64 f6 02 00 75 94 48 c7 c7 e0 13 d2 82 c6 05 4e 64 f6 02 01 e8 64 a3 5c ff <0f> 0b e9 7a ff ff ff 80 3d 38 64 f6 02 00 0f 85 6d ff ff ff 48 c7 RSP: 0018:ffff88810b9179b0 EFLAGS: 00010082 RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: 0000000000000002 RCX: 0000000000000000 RDX: 0000000000000202 RSI: 0000000000000008 RDI: ffffffff857c3680 RBP: ffff88810027d3c0 R08: ffffffff8125f2a4 R09: ffff88810b9176e7 R10: ffffed1021722edc R11: 746e756f63666572 R12: ffff88810027d388 R13: ffff88810027d3c0 R14: ffffc900005fe030 R15: ffffc900005fe048 FS: 00007fee0584a700(0000) GS:ffff88811b280000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: 00005634a96f6c58 CR3: 0000000108ce9002 CR4: 0000000000770ee0 DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000 DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400 PKRU: 55555554 Call Trace: <TASK> bpf_refcount_acquire_impl+0xb5/0xc0 (rest of output snipped) The patch addresses this by changing bpf_refcount_acquire_impl to use refcount_inc_not_zero instead of refcount_inc and marking bpf_refcount_acquire KF_RET_NULL. For owning references, though, we know the above scenario is not possible and thus that bpf_refcount_acquire will always succeed. Some verifier bookkeeping is added to track "is input owning ref?" for bpf_refcount_acquire calls and return false from is_kfunc_ret_null for bpf_refcount_acquire on owning refs despite it being marked KF_RET_NULL. Existing selftests using bpf_refcount_acquire are modified where necessary to NULL-check its return value. [0]: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/[email protected]/
CVE-2023-53646 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-02-03 7.1 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/i915/perf: add sentinel to xehp_oa_b_counters Arrays passed to reg_in_range_table should end with empty record. The patch solves KASAN detected bug with signature: BUG: KASAN: global-out-of-bounds in xehp_is_valid_b_counter_addr+0x2c7/0x350 [i915] Read of size 4 at addr ffffffffa1555d90 by task perf/1518 CPU: 4 PID: 1518 Comm: perf Tainted: G U 6.4.0-kasan_438-g3303d06107f3+ #1 Hardware name: Intel Corporation Meteor Lake Client Platform/MTL-P DDR5 SODIMM SBS RVP, BIOS MTLPFWI1.R00.3223.D80.2305311348 05/31/2023 Call Trace: <TASK> ... xehp_is_valid_b_counter_addr+0x2c7/0x350 [i915] (cherry picked from commit 2f42c5afb34b5696cf5fe79e744f99be9b218798)
CVE-2023-53626 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-02-03 7.8 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ext4: fix possible double unlock when moving a directory
CVE-2023-53629 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-02-03 7.8 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: fs: dlm: fix use after free in midcomms commit While working on processing dlm message in softirq context I experienced the following KASAN use-after-free warning: [ 151.760477] ================================================================== [ 151.761803] BUG: KASAN: use-after-free in dlm_midcomms_commit_mhandle+0x19d/0x4b0 [ 151.763414] Read of size 4 at addr ffff88811a980c60 by task lock_torture/1347 [ 151.765284] CPU: 7 PID: 1347 Comm: lock_torture Not tainted 6.1.0-rc4+ #2828 [ 151.766778] Hardware name: Red Hat KVM/RHEL-AV, BIOS 1.16.0-3.module+el8.7.0+16134+e5908aa2 04/01/2014 [ 151.768726] Call Trace: [ 151.769277] <TASK> [ 151.769748] dump_stack_lvl+0x5b/0x86 [ 151.770556] print_report+0x180/0x4c8 [ 151.771378] ? kasan_complete_mode_report_info+0x7c/0x1e0 [ 151.772241] ? dlm_midcomms_commit_mhandle+0x19d/0x4b0 [ 151.773069] kasan_report+0x93/0x1a0 [ 151.773668] ? dlm_midcomms_commit_mhandle+0x19d/0x4b0 [ 151.774514] __asan_load4+0x7e/0xa0 [ 151.775089] dlm_midcomms_commit_mhandle+0x19d/0x4b0 [ 151.775890] ? create_message.isra.29.constprop.64+0x57/0xc0 [ 151.776770] send_common+0x19f/0x1b0 [ 151.777342] ? remove_from_waiters+0x60/0x60 [ 151.778017] ? lock_downgrade+0x410/0x410 [ 151.778648] ? __this_cpu_preempt_check+0x13/0x20 [ 151.779421] ? rcu_lockdep_current_cpu_online+0x88/0xc0 [ 151.780292] _convert_lock+0x46/0x150 [ 151.780893] convert_lock+0x7b/0xc0 [ 151.781459] dlm_lock+0x3ac/0x580 [ 151.781993] ? 0xffffffffc0540000 [ 151.782522] ? torture_stop+0x120/0x120 [dlm_locktorture] [ 151.783379] ? dlm_scan_rsbs+0xa70/0xa70 [ 151.784003] ? preempt_count_sub+0xd6/0x130 [ 151.784661] ? is_module_address+0x47/0x70 [ 151.785309] ? torture_stop+0x120/0x120 [dlm_locktorture] [ 151.786166] ? 0xffffffffc0540000 [ 151.786693] ? lockdep_init_map_type+0xc3/0x360 [ 151.787414] ? 0xffffffffc0540000 [ 151.787947] torture_dlm_lock_sync.isra.3+0xe9/0x150 [dlm_locktorture] [ 151.789004] ? torture_stop+0x120/0x120 [dlm_locktorture] [ 151.789858] ? 0xffffffffc0540000 [ 151.790392] ? lock_torture_cleanup+0x20/0x20 [dlm_locktorture] [ 151.791347] ? delay_tsc+0x94/0xc0 [ 151.791898] torture_ex_iter+0xc3/0xea [dlm_locktorture] [ 151.792735] ? torture_start+0x30/0x30 [dlm_locktorture] [ 151.793606] lock_torture+0x177/0x270 [dlm_locktorture] [ 151.794448] ? torture_dlm_lock_sync.isra.3+0x150/0x150 [dlm_locktorture] [ 151.795539] ? lock_torture_stats+0x80/0x80 [dlm_locktorture] [ 151.796476] ? do_raw_spin_lock+0x11e/0x1e0 [ 151.797152] ? mark_held_locks+0x34/0xb0 [ 151.797784] ? _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore+0x30/0x70 [ 151.798581] ? __kthread_parkme+0x79/0x110 [ 151.799246] ? trace_preempt_on+0x2a/0xf0 [ 151.799902] ? __kthread_parkme+0x79/0x110 [ 151.800579] ? preempt_count_sub+0xd6/0x130 [ 151.801271] ? __kasan_check_read+0x11/0x20 [ 151.801963] ? __kthread_parkme+0xec/0x110 [ 151.802630] ? lock_torture_stats+0x80/0x80 [dlm_locktorture] [ 151.803569] kthread+0x192/0x1d0 [ 151.804104] ? kthread_complete_and_exit+0x30/0x30 [ 151.804881] ret_from_fork+0x1f/0x30 [ 151.805480] </TASK> [ 151.806111] Allocated by task 1347: [ 151.806681] kasan_save_stack+0x26/0x50 [ 151.807308] kasan_set_track+0x25/0x30 [ 151.807920] kasan_save_alloc_info+0x1e/0x30 [ 151.808609] __kasan_slab_alloc+0x63/0x80 [ 151.809263] kmem_cache_alloc+0x1ad/0x830 [ 151.809916] dlm_allocate_mhandle+0x17/0x20 [ 151.810590] dlm_midcomms_get_mhandle+0x96/0x260 [ 151.811344] _create_message+0x95/0x180 [ 151.811994] create_message.isra.29.constprop.64+0x57/0xc0 [ 151.812880] send_common+0x129/0x1b0 [ 151.813467] _convert_lock+0x46/0x150 [ 151.814074] convert_lock+0x7b/0xc0 [ 151.814648] dlm_lock+0x3ac/0x580 [ 151.815199] torture_dlm_lock_sync.isra.3+0xe9/0x150 [dlm_locktorture] [ 151.816258] torture_ex_iter+0xc3/0xea [dlm_locktorture] [ 151.817129] lock_t ---truncated---
CVE-2023-53652 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-02-03 7.8 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: vdpa: Add features attr to vdpa_nl_policy for nlattr length check The vdpa_nl_policy structure is used to validate the nlattr when parsing the incoming nlmsg. It will ensure the attribute being described produces a valid nlattr pointer in info->attrs before entering into each handler in vdpa_nl_ops. That is to say, the missing part in vdpa_nl_policy may lead to illegal nlattr after parsing, which could lead to OOB read just like CVE-2023-3773. This patch adds the missing nla_policy for vdpa features attr to avoid such bugs.
CVE-2025-10666 2 D-link, Dlink 3 Dir-825, Dir-825, Dir-825 Firmware 2026-02-03 8.8 High
A security flaw has been discovered in D-Link DIR-825 up to 2.10. Affected by this vulnerability is the function sub_4106d4 of the file apply.cgi. The manipulation of the argument countdown_time results in buffer overflow. The attack can be executed remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be exploited. This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
CVE-2025-56353 1 Justdoit0910 1 Tinymqtt 2026-02-03 7.5 High
In tinyMQTT commit 6226ade15bd4f97be2d196352e64dd10937c1962 (2024-02-18), a memory leak occurs due to the broker's failure to validate or reject malformed UTF-8 strings in topic filters. An attacker can exploit this by sending repeated subscription requests with arbitrarily large or invalid filter payloads. Each request causes memory to be allocated for the malformed topic filter, but the broker does not free the associated memory, leading to unbounded heap growth and potential denial of service under sustained attack.
CVE-2024-45497 1 Redhat 2 Jboss Fuse, Openshift 2026-02-03 7.6 High
A flaw was found in the OpenShift build process, where the docker-build container is configured with a hostPath volume mount that maps the node's /var/lib/kubelet/config.json file into the build pod. This file contains sensitive credentials necessary for pulling images from private repositories. The mount is not read-only, which allows the attacker to overwrite it. By modifying the config.json file, the attacker can cause a denial of service by preventing the node from pulling new images and potentially exfiltrating sensitive secrets. This flaw impacts the availability of services dependent on image pulls and exposes sensitive information to unauthorized parties.
CVE-2023-32309 1 Facelessuser 1 Pymdown Extensions 2026-02-03 7.5 High
PyMdown Extensions is a set of extensions for the `Python-Markdown` markdown project. In affected versions an arbitrary file read is possible when using include file syntax. By using the syntax `--8<--"/etc/passwd"` or `--8<--"/proc/self/environ"` the content of these files will be rendered in the generated documentation. Additionally, a path relative to a specified, allowed base path can also be used to render the content of a file outside the specified base paths: `--8<-- "../../../../etc/passwd"`. Within the Snippets extension, there exists a `base_path` option but the implementation is vulnerable to Directory Traversal. The vulnerable section exists in `get_snippet_path(self, path)` lines 155 to 174 in snippets.py. Any readable file on the host where the plugin is executing may have its content exposed. This can impact any use of Snippets that exposes the use of Snippets to external users. It is never recommended to use Snippets to process user-facing, dynamic content. It is designed to process known content on the backend under the control of the host, but if someone were to accidentally enable it for user-facing content, undesired information could be exposed. This issue has been addressed in version 10.0. Users are advised to upgrade. Users unable to upgrade may restrict relative paths by filtering input.
CVE-2023-53659 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-02-03 7.1 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: iavf: Fix out-of-bounds when setting channels on remove If we set channels greater during iavf_remove(), and waiting reset done would be timeout, then returned with error but changed num_active_queues directly, that will lead to OOB like the following logs. Because the num_active_queues is greater than tx/rx_rings[] allocated actually. Reproducer: [root@host ~]# cat repro.sh #!/bin/bash pf_dbsf="0000:41:00.0" vf0_dbsf="0000:41:02.0" g_pids=() function do_set_numvf() { echo 2 >/sys/bus/pci/devices/${pf_dbsf}/sriov_numvfs sleep $((RANDOM%3+1)) echo 0 >/sys/bus/pci/devices/${pf_dbsf}/sriov_numvfs sleep $((RANDOM%3+1)) } function do_set_channel() { local nic=$(ls -1 --indicator-style=none /sys/bus/pci/devices/${vf0_dbsf}/net/) [ -z "$nic" ] && { sleep $((RANDOM%3)) ; return 1; } ifconfig $nic 192.168.18.5 netmask 255.255.255.0 ifconfig $nic up ethtool -L $nic combined 1 ethtool -L $nic combined 4 sleep $((RANDOM%3)) } function on_exit() { local pid for pid in "${g_pids[@]}"; do kill -0 "$pid" &>/dev/null && kill "$pid" &>/dev/null done g_pids=() } trap "on_exit; exit" EXIT while :; do do_set_numvf ; done & g_pids+=($!) while :; do do_set_channel ; done & g_pids+=($!) wait Result: [ 3506.152887] iavf 0000:41:02.0: Removing device [ 3510.400799] ================================================================== [ 3510.400820] BUG: KASAN: slab-out-of-bounds in iavf_free_all_tx_resources+0x156/0x160 [iavf] [ 3510.400823] Read of size 8 at addr ffff88b6f9311008 by task repro.sh/55536 [ 3510.400823] [ 3510.400830] CPU: 101 PID: 55536 Comm: repro.sh Kdump: loaded Tainted: G O --------- -t - 4.18.0 #1 [ 3510.400832] Hardware name: Powerleader PR2008AL/H12DSi-N6, BIOS 2.0 04/09/2021 [ 3510.400835] Call Trace: [ 3510.400851] dump_stack+0x71/0xab [ 3510.400860] print_address_description+0x6b/0x290 [ 3510.400865] ? iavf_free_all_tx_resources+0x156/0x160 [iavf] [ 3510.400868] kasan_report+0x14a/0x2b0 [ 3510.400873] iavf_free_all_tx_resources+0x156/0x160 [iavf] [ 3510.400880] iavf_remove+0x2b6/0xc70 [iavf] [ 3510.400884] ? iavf_free_all_rx_resources+0x160/0x160 [iavf] [ 3510.400891] ? wait_woken+0x1d0/0x1d0 [ 3510.400895] ? notifier_call_chain+0xc1/0x130 [ 3510.400903] pci_device_remove+0xa8/0x1f0 [ 3510.400910] device_release_driver_internal+0x1c6/0x460 [ 3510.400916] pci_stop_bus_device+0x101/0x150 [ 3510.400919] pci_stop_and_remove_bus_device+0xe/0x20 [ 3510.400924] pci_iov_remove_virtfn+0x187/0x420 [ 3510.400927] ? pci_iov_add_virtfn+0xe10/0xe10 [ 3510.400929] ? pci_get_subsys+0x90/0x90 [ 3510.400932] sriov_disable+0xed/0x3e0 [ 3510.400936] ? bus_find_device+0x12d/0x1a0 [ 3510.400953] i40e_free_vfs+0x754/0x1210 [i40e] [ 3510.400966] ? i40e_reset_all_vfs+0x880/0x880 [i40e] [ 3510.400968] ? pci_get_device+0x7c/0x90 [ 3510.400970] ? pci_get_subsys+0x90/0x90 [ 3510.400982] ? pci_vfs_assigned.part.7+0x144/0x210 [ 3510.400987] ? __mutex_lock_slowpath+0x10/0x10 [ 3510.400996] i40e_pci_sriov_configure+0x1fa/0x2e0 [i40e] [ 3510.401001] sriov_numvfs_store+0x214/0x290 [ 3510.401005] ? sriov_totalvfs_show+0x30/0x30 [ 3510.401007] ? __mutex_lock_slowpath+0x10/0x10 [ 3510.401011] ? __check_object_size+0x15a/0x350 [ 3510.401018] kernfs_fop_write+0x280/0x3f0 [ 3510.401022] vfs_write+0x145/0x440 [ 3510.401025] ksys_write+0xab/0x160 [ 3510.401028] ? __ia32_sys_read+0xb0/0xb0 [ 3510.401031] ? fput_many+0x1a/0x120 [ 3510.401032] ? filp_close+0xf0/0x130 [ 3510.401038] do_syscall_64+0xa0/0x370 [ 3510.401041] ? page_fault+0x8/0x30 [ 3510.401043] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x65/0xca [ 3510.401073] RIP: 0033:0x7f3a9bb842c0 [ 3510.401079] Code: 73 01 c3 48 8b 0d d8 cb 2c 00 f7 d8 64 89 01 48 83 c8 ff c3 66 0f 1f 44 00 00 83 3d 89 24 2d 00 00 75 10 b8 01 00 00 00 0f 05 <48> 3d ---truncated---
CVE-2020-36077 1 Tailor Management System Project 1 Tailor Management System 2026-02-03 8.8 High
SQL injection vulnerability found in Tailor Mangement System v.1 allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via the customer parameter of the orderadd.php file
CVE-2020-36074 1 Tailor Management System Project 1 Tailor Management System 2026-02-03 8.8 High
SQL injection vulnerability found in Tailor Mangement System v.1 allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via the title parameter.
CVE-2025-13428 1 Google 2 Cloud Secops Soar Server, Security Operations Soar 2026-02-03 7.2 High
A vulnerability exists in the SecOps SOAR server. The custom integrations feature allowed an authenticated user with an "IDE role" to achieve Remote Code Execution (RCE) in the server. The flaw stemmed from weak validation of uploaded Python package code. An attacker could upload a package containing a malicious setup.py file, which would execute on the server during the installation process, leading to potential server compromise. No customer action is required. All customers have been automatically upgraded to the fixed version: 6.3.64 or higher.
CVE-2025-68891 2 Ryan Sutana, Wordpress 2 Wp App Bar, Wordpress 2026-02-03 7.1 High
Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') vulnerability in Ryan Sutana WP App Bar wp-app-bar allows Reflected XSS.This issue affects WP App Bar: from n/a through <= 1.5.
CVE-2025-67937 3 Mikado-themes, Qodeinteractive, Wordpress 3 Hendon, Hendon, Wordpress 2026-02-03 8.1 High
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Mikado-Themes Hendon hendon allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects Hendon: from n/a through < 1.7.
CVE-2025-67936 3 Mikado-themes, Qodeinteractive, Wordpress 3 Curly, Curly, Wordpress 2026-02-03 8.1 High
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Mikado-Themes Curly curly allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects Curly: from n/a through < 3.3.
CVE-2025-67935 3 Mikado-themes, Qodeinteractive, Wordpress 3 Optimize, Optimize, Wordpress 2026-02-03 8.1 High
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Mikado-Themes Optimize optimizewp allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects Optimize: from n/a through < 2.4.
CVE-2025-67925 1 Wordpress 1 Wordpress 2026-02-03 8.1 High
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in zozothemes Corpkit corpkit allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects Corpkit: from n/a through <= 2.0.
CVE-2026-0861 1 Gnu 1 Glibc 2026-02-03 8.4 High
Passing too large an alignment to the memalign suite of functions (memalign, posix_memalign, aligned_alloc) in the GNU C Library version 2.30 to 2.42 may result in an integer overflow, which could consequently result in a heap corruption. Note that the attacker must have control over both, the size as well as the alignment arguments of the memalign function to be able to exploit this. The size parameter must be close enough to PTRDIFF_MAX so as to overflow size_t along with the large alignment argument. This limits the malicious inputs for the alignment for memalign to the range [1<<62+ 1, 1<<63] and exactly 1<<63 for posix_memalign and aligned_alloc. Typically the alignment argument passed to such functions is a known constrained quantity (e.g. page size, block size, struct sizes) and is not attacker controlled, because of which this may not be easily exploitable in practice. An application bug could potentially result in the input alignment being too large, e.g. due to a different buffer overflow or integer overflow in the application or its dependent libraries, but that is again an uncommon usage pattern given typical sources of alignments.